Science Article

Computation is any type of calculation or the use of computer technology in Information processing. Computation is a process following a well-defined model understood and expressed in an algorithm, protocol, network topology, etc. Computation is also a way for find solve problem from some quetion about mathematics. Many software about computation has created and easy to use. Computation also can to be created animated.

Turing's achievements matter today begins with the story of how he set out to solve one of his era's biggest mathematical conundrums - and in the process defined the basis of all computers

The first computer

Up until the second world war, the word "computer" meant a person, These human computers were an essential part of the industrial revolution and performed often repetitive calculations, such as those necessary for the creation of books of log tables. 

But in 1936, Turing, aged just 24, laid the foundations for a new type of computer - one we would still recognise today - and so played a seminal role in the information technology revolution.

Turing did not set out to invent the model for the modern computer, though. He wanted to resolve a conundrum in mathematical logic. In the mid-1930s, he decided to attack the fearsomely named Entscheidungsproblem - or "decision problem" - posed by mathematician David Hilbert in 1928. In other words: does a step-by-step procedure exist that can determine whether any given statement in mathematics is true or false?

In 1936, Turing published a paper that provided a definitive answer to Hilbert's question: no procedure exists for determining whether any given mathematical statement is true or false. Moreover, many of the important unresolved questions in mathematics are "undecidable" (Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Vol 42, p 230). This was good news for human mathematicians, because it meant that they would never be replaced by machines. But with his paper, Turing had achieved more than the resolution of Hilbert's question. To arrive at his result, he had also come up with the theoretical basis for modern computers.

First, he imagined a machine capable of reading symbols from a paper tape. You would feed the paper tape in, and the machine would examine the symbols, then make a decision about what to do next by following a set of internal rules. It could, for example, add two numbers that were written on the tape and print the result further along the tape. This would later come to be known as a Turing machine.

Turing realised that it would be possible to make a machine that could initially read a procedure from the tape, and use that to define its internal rules. By doing so, it was programmable, and could perform the same actions of any individual Turing machine, which had fixed internal rules. That flexible device, which we call a universal Turing machine, is a computer.